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| power : civill civill: power Complete text of 61125785:LEVIATHAN By Thomas Hobbes 1651 LEVIATHAN OR THE MATTER, FORME, & power OF A COMMON-WEALTH ECCLESIASTICAL AND civill Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury Printed for Andrew Crooke, at the Green Dragon in St Complete text of 61125815:But yet, me thinks, the endeavour to advance the civill power , should not be by the civill power condemned; nor private men, by reprehending it, declare they think that power too great Complete text of 61125818:But I have done it with due submission, and also (in order to my Subject) necessarily; for they are the Outworks of the Enemy, from whence they impugne the civill power Complete text of 61126479:The Greatest of humane Powers, is that which is compounded of the Powers of most men, united by consent, in one person, Naturall, or civill , that has the use of all their Powers depending on his will; such as is the Power of a Common-wealth: or depending on the wills of each particular; such as is the power of a Faction, or of divers factions leagued Complete text of 61126538:So that of civill Honour; such as are Magistracy, Offices, Titles; and in some places Coats, and Scutchions painted: and men Honour such as have them, as having so many signes of favour in the Common-wealth; which favour is power Complete text of 61126757:Howsoever, it may be perceived what manner of life there would be, where there were no common power to feare; by the manner of life, which men that have formerly lived under a peacefull government, use to degenerate into, in a civill Warre Complete text of 61126832:But in a civill estate, where there is a power set up to constrain those that would otherwise violate their faith, that feare is no more reasonable; and for that cause, he which by the Covenant is to perform first, is obliged so to do Complete text of 61126873:So that before the time of civill Society, or in the interruption thereof by Warre, there is nothing can strengthen a Covenant of Peace agreed on, against the temptations of Avarice, Ambition, Lust, or other strong desire, but the feare of that Invisible power , which they every one Worship as God; and Feare as a Revenger of their perfidy Complete text of 61126874:All therefore that can be done between two men not subject to civill power , is to put one another to swear by the God he feareth: Which Swearing or OATH, is a Forme Of Speech, Added To A Promise; By Which He That Promiseth, Signifieth, That Unlesse He Performe, He Renounceth The Mercy Of His God, Or Calleth To Him For Vengeance On Himselfe Complete text of 61126893:So that the nature of Justice, consisteth in keeping of valid Covenants: but the Validity of Covenants begins not but with the Constitution of a civill power , sufficient to compell men to keep them: And then it is also that Propriety begins Complete text of 61126900:For the question is not of promises mutuall, where there is no security of performance on either side; as when there is no civill power erected over the parties promising; for such promises are no Covenants: But either where one of the parties has performed already; or where there is a power to make him performe; there is the question whether it be against reason, that is, against the benefit of the other to performe, or not Complete text of 61127067:For if we could suppose a great Multitude of men to consent in the observation of Justice, and other Lawes of Nature, without a common power to keep them all in awe; we might as well suppose all Man-kind to do the same; and then there neither would be nor need to be any civill Government, or Common-wealth at all; because there would be Peace without subjection Complete text of 61127129:It belongeth therefore to him that hath the Soveraign power , to be Judge, or constitute all Judges of Opinions and Doctrines, as a thing necessary to Peace, thereby to prevent Discord and civill Warre Complete text of 61127167:And commonly they that live under a Monarch, think it the fault of Monarchy; and they that live under the government of Democracy, or other Soveraign Assembly, attribute all the inconvenience to that forme of Common-wealth; whereas the power in all formes, if they be perfect enough to protect them, is the same; not considering that the estate of Man can never be without some incommodity or other; and that the greatest, that in any forme of Government can possibly happen to the people in generall, is scarce sensible, in respect of the miseries, and horrible calamities, that accompany a civill Warre; or that dissolute condition of masterlesse men, without subjection to Lawes, and a coercive power to tye their hands from rapine, and revenge: nor considering that the greatest pressure of Soveraign Governours, proceedeth not from any delight, or profit they can expect in the dammage, or weakening of their subjects, in whose vigor, consisteth their own selves, that unwillingly contributing to their own defence, make it necessary for their Governours to draw from them what they can in time of Peace, that they may have means on any emergent occasion, or sudden need, to resist, or take advantage on their Enemies Complete text of 61127202:But to say there is inconvenience, in putting the use of the Soveraign power , into the hand of a Man, or an Assembly of men; is to say that all Government is more Inconvenient, than Confusion, and Civill Warre Complete text of 61127219:But if there be none that can give the Soveraigntie, after the decease of him that was first elected; then has he power , nay he is obliged by the Law of Nature, to provide, by establishing his Successor, to keep those that had trusted him with the Government, from relapsing into the miserable condition of civill warre Complete text of 61127394:Artificiall Bonds, Or Covenants But as men, for the atteyning of peace, and conservation of themselves thereby, have made an Artificiall Man, which we call a Common-wealth; so also have they made Artificiall Chains, called civill Lawes, which they themselves, by mutuall covenants, have fastned at one end, to the lips of that Man, or Assembly, to whom they have given the Soveraigne power ; and at the other end to their own Ears Complete text of 61127768:When a Common-wealth is once settled, then are they actually Lawes, and not before; as being then the commands of the Common-wealth; and therefore also civill Lawes: for it is the Soveraign Power that obliges men to obey them Complete text of 61127769:For in the differences of private men, to declare, what is Equity, what is Justice, and what is morall Vertue, and to make them binding, there is need of the Ordinances of Soveraign power , and Punishments to be ordained for such as shall break them; which Ordinances are therefore part of the civill Law Complete text of 61127847:That which I have written in this Treatise, concerning the Morall Vertues, and of their necessity, for the procuring, and maintaining peace, though it bee evident Truth, is not therefore presently Law; but because in all Common-wealths in the world, it is part of the civill Law: For though it be naturally reasonable; yet it is by the Soveraigne power that it is Law: Otherwise, it were a great errour, to call the Lawes of Nature unwritten Law; whereof wee see so many volumes published, and in them so many contradictions of one another, and of themselves Complete text of 61128079:For to kill ones Parent, is a greater Crime, than to kill another: for the Parent ought to have the honour of a Soveraign, (though he have surrendred his power to the civill Law,) because he had it originally by Nature Complete text of 61128191:Subjecting The Soveraign power To civill Lawes A fourth opinion, repugnant to the nature of a Common-wealth, is this, "That he that hath the Soveraign power , is subject to the civill Lawes Complete text of 61128215:Now seeing it is manifest, that the civill power , and the power of the Common-wealth is the same thing; and that Supremacy, and the power of making Canons, and granting Faculties, implyeth a Common-wealth; it followeth, that where one is Soveraign, another Supreme; where one can make Lawes, and another make Canons; there must needs be two Common-wealths, of one & the same Subjects; which is a Kingdome divided in it selfe, and cannot stand Complete text of 61128217:For seeing the Ghostly power challengeth the Right to declare what is Sinne it challengeth by consequence to declare what is Law, (Sinne being nothing but the transgression of the Law;) and again, the Civill power challenging to declare what is Law, every Subject must obey two Masters, who bothe will have their Commands be observed as Law; which is impossible Complete text of 61128218:Or, if it be but one Kingdome, either the civill , which is the power of the Common-wealth, must be subordinate to the Ghostly; or the Ghostly must be subordinate to the Temporall and then there is no Supremacy but the Temporall Complete text of 61128222:For as in this Disease, there is an unnaturall spirit, or wind in the head that obstructeth the roots of the Nerves, and moving them violently, taketh away the motion which naturally they should have from the power of the Soule in the Brain, and thereby causeth violent, and irregular motions (which men call Convulsions) in the parts; insomuch as he that is seized therewith, falleth down sometimes into the water, and sometimes into the fire, as a man deprived of his senses; so also in the Body Politique, when the Spirituall power , moveth the Members of a Common-wealth, by the terrour of punishments, and hope of rewards (which are the Nerves of it,) otherwise than by the civill power (which is the Soule of the Common-wealth) they ought to be moved; and by strange, and hard words suffocates the people, and either Overwhelm the Common-wealth with Oppression, or cast it into the Fire of a civill warre Complete text of 61128223:Mixt Government Sometimes also in the meerly civill government, there be more than one Soule: As when the power of levying mony, (which is the Nutritive faculty,) has depended on a generall Assembly; the power of conduct and command, (which is the Motive Faculty,) on one man; and the power of making Lawes, (which is the Rationall faculty,) on the accidentall consent, not onely of those two, but also of a third; This endangereth the Common-wealth, somtimes for want of consent to good Lawes; but most often for want of such Nourishment, as is necessary to Life, and Motion Complete text of 61128253:For he that deserteth the Means, deserteth the Ends; and he deserteth the Means, that being the Soveraign, acknowledgeth himselfe subject to the civill Lawes; and renounceth the power of Supreme Judicature; or of making Warre, or Peace by his own Authority; or of Judging of the Necessities of the Common-wealth; or of levying Mony, and Souldiers, when, and as much as in his own conscience he shall judge necessary; or of making Officers, and Ministers both of Warre, and Peace; or of appointing Teachers, and examining what Doctrines are conformable, or contrary to the Defence, Peace, and Good of the people Complete text of 61128381:For without that, a man knows not, when he is commanded any thing by the civill power , whether it be contrary to the Law of God, or not: and so, either by too much civill obedience, offends the Divine Majesty, or through feare of offending God, transgresses the commandements of the Common-wealth Complete text of 61128485:And now, considering how different this Doctrine is, from the Practise of the greatest part of the world, especially of these Western parts, that have received their Morall learning from Rome, and Athens; and how much depth of Morall Philosophy is required, in them that have the Administration of the Soveraign Power; I am at the point of believing this my labour, as uselesse, and the Common-wealth of Plato; For he also is of opinion that it is impossible for the disorders of State, and change of Governments by Civill Warre, ever to be taken away, till Soveraigns be Philosophers Complete text of 61128711:At which time, though ambition had so far prevailed on the great Doctors of the Church, as no more to esteem Emperours, though Christian, for the Shepherds of the people, but for Sheep; and Emperours not Christian, for Wolves; and endeavoured to passe their Doctrine, not for Counsell, and Information, as Preachers; but for Laws, as absolute Governours; and thought such frauds as tended to make the people the more obedient to Christian Doctrine, to be pious; yet I am perswaded they did not therefore falsifie the Scriptures, though the copies of the Books of the New Testament, were in the hands only of the Ecclesiasticks; because if they had had an intention so to doe, they would surely have made them more favorable to their power over Christian Princes, and civill Soveraignty, than they are Complete text of 61129032:In short, the Kingdome of God is a civill Kingdome; which consisted, first in the obligation of the people of Israel to those Laws, which Moses should bring unto them from Mount Sinai; and which afterwards the High Priest of the time being, should deliver to them from before the Cherubins in the Sanctum Sanctorum; and which kingdome having been cast off, in the election of Saul, the Prophets foretold, should be restored by Christ; and the Restauration whereof we daily pray for, when we say in the Lords Prayer, "Thy Kingdome come;" and the Right whereof we acknowledge, when we adde, "For thine is the Kingdome, the power , and Glory, for ever and ever, Amen;" and the Proclaiming whereof, was the Preaching of the Apostles; and to which men are prepared, by the Teachers of the Gospel; to embrace which Gospel, (that is to say, to promise obedience to Gods government) is, to bee in the Kingdome of Grace, because God hath gratis given to such the power to bee the subjects (that is, Children) of God hereafter, when Christ shall come in Majesty to judge the world, and actually to govern his owne people, which is called the Kingdome of Glory Complete text of 61129509:OF THE SIGNIFICATION IN SCRIPTURE OF ETERNALL LIFE, HELL, SALVATION, THE WORLD TO COME, AND REDEMPTION The maintenance of civill Society, depending on Justice; and Justice on the power of Life and Death, and other lesse Rewards and Punishments, residing in them that have the Soveraignty of the Common-wealth; It is impossible a Common-wealth should stand, where any other than the Soveraign, hath a power of giving greater rewards than Life; and of inflicting greater punishments than Death Complete text of 61129883:The Supreme power of Judicature belonged also to the High Priest: For the Book of the Law was in their keeping; and the Priests and Levites onely were the subordinate Judges in causes civill , as appears in Deut Complete text of 61129887:Therefore the civill and Ecclesiasticall power were both joined together in one and the same person, the High Priest; and ought to bee so, in whosoever governeth by Divine Right; that is, by Authority immediate from God Complete text of 61129927:" Is not this full power , both Temporall and Spirituall, as they call it, that would divide it? To conclude; from the first institution of Gods Kingdome, to the Captivity, the Supremacy of Religion, was in the same hand with that of the civill Soveraignty; and the Priests office after the election of Saul, was not Magisteriall, but Ministeriall Complete text of 61130062:OF power ECCLESIASTICALL For the understanding of power ECCLESIASTICALL, what, and in whom it is, we are to distinguish the time from the Ascension of our Saviour, into two parts; one before the Conversion of Kings, and men endued with Soveraign civill power ; the other after their Conversion Complete text of 61130126:Therefore the Ministers of Christ in this world, have no power by that title, to Punish any man for not Beleeving, or for Contradicting what they say; they have I say no power by that title of Christs Ministers, to Punish such: but if they have Soveraign Civill power , by politick institution, then they may indeed lawfully Punish any Contradiction to their laws whatsoever: And St Complete text of 61130258:The Use Of Excommunication Without civill power Complete text of 61130259:The Use and Effect of Excommunication, whilest it was not yet strengthened with the civill power , was no more, than that they, who were not Excommunicate, were to avoid the company of them that were Complete text of 61130276:Of No Effect Upon An Apostate By which it appears, that upon a Christian, that should become an Apostate, in a place where the civill power did persecute, or not assist the Church, the effect of Excommunication had nothing in it, neither of dammage in this world, nor of terrour: Not of terrour, because of their unbeleef; nor of dammage, because they returned thereby into the favour of the world; and in the world to come, were to be in no worse estate, then they which never had beleeved Complete text of 61130283:Whereby wee may understand, that Excommunication in the time that Christian Religion was not authorized by the civill power , was used onely for a correction of manners, not of errours in opinion: for it is a punishment, whereof none could be sensible but such as beleeved, and expected the coming again of our Saviour to judge the world; and they who so beleeved, needed no other opinion, but onely uprightnesse of life, to be saved Complete text of 61130343:" Excommunication therefore when it wanteth the assistance of the civill Power, as it doth, when a Christian State, or Prince is Excommunicate by a forain Authority, is without effect; and consequently ought to be without terrour Complete text of 61130429:Hitherto therefore the power of making Scripture Canonicall, was in the civill Soveraign Complete text of 61130440:Now seeing Esdras was the High Priest, and the High Priest was their civill Soveraigne, it is manifest, that the Scriptures were never made Laws, but by the Soveraign civill power Complete text of 61130458:They had not in Commission to make Laws; but to obey, and teach obedience to Laws made; and consequently they could not make their Writings obligatory Canons, without the help of the Soveraign civill Power Complete text of 61130459:And therefore the Scripture of the New Testament is there only Law, where the lawfull civill power hath made it so Complete text of 61130481:For though they might deliberate what each of them should teach; yet they could not deliberate what others should do, unless their Assembly had had a Legislative power ; which none could have but civill Soveraigns Complete text of 61130571:If therefore they pretended no right to appoint their successors, I think I may reasonably conclude, they had no right to appoint the new power ; which none could take from the Church to bestow on them, but such as had a lawfull authority, not onely to Teach, but to Command the Church; which none could doe, but the civill Soveraign Complete text of 61130608:Now seeing in this time God himself was their King, and Moses, Aaron, and the succeeding High Priests were his Lieutenants; it is manifest, that the Right of Tythes, and Offerings was constituted by the civill power Complete text of 61130641:In what court should they sue for it, who had no Tribunalls? Or if they had Arbitrators amongst themselves, who should execute their Judgments, when they had no power to arme their Officers? It remaineth therefore, that there could be no certaine maintenance assigned to any Pastors of the Church, but by the whole Congregation; and then onely, when their Decrees should have the force (not onely of Canons, but also) of Laws; which Laws could not be made, but by Emperours, Kings, or other civill Soveraignes Complete text of 61130648:) to the Soveraign power civill , whether it be in one Man, or in one Assembly of men Complete text of 61130649:For it is evident to the meanest capacity, that mens actions are derived from the opinions they have of the Good, or Evill, which from those actions redound unto themselves; and consequently, men that are once possessed of an opinion, that their obedience to the Soveraign power , will bee more hurtfull to them, than their disobedience, will disobey the Laws, and thereby overthrow the Common-wealth, and introduce confusion, and civill war; for the avoiding whereof, all civill Government was ordained Complete text of 61130657:Seeing then in every Christian Common-wealth, the civill Soveraign is the Supreme Pastor, to whose charge the whole flock of his Subjects is committed, and consequently that it is by his authority, that all other Pastors are made, and have power to teach, and performe all other Pastorall offices; it followeth also, that it is from the civill Soveraign, that all other Pastors derive their right of Teaching, Preaching, and other functions pertaining to that Office; and that they are but his Ministers; in the same manner as the Magistrates of Towns, Judges in Courts of Justice, and Commanders of Armies, are all but Ministers of him that is the Magistrate of the whole Common-wealth, Judge of all Causes, and Commander of the whole Militia, which is alwayes the civill Soveraign Complete text of 61130659:For let it be supposed, that a Christian King commit the Authority of Ordaining Pastors in his Dominions to another King, (as divers Christian Kings allow that power to the Pope;) he doth not thereby constitute a Pastor over himself, nor a Soveraign Pastor over his People; for that were to deprive himself of the civill power ; which depending on the opinion men have of their Duty to him, and the fear they have of Punishment in another world, would depend also on the skill, and loyalty of Doctors, who are no lesse subject, not only to Ambition, but also to Ignorance, than any other sort of men Complete text of 61130768:The civill Soveraigne If A Christian, Is Head Of The Church In His Own Dominions From this consolidation of the Right Politique, and Ecclesiastique in Christian Soveraigns, it is evident, they have all manner of power over their Subjects, that can be given to man, for the government of mens externall actions, both in Policy, and Religion; and may make such Laws, as themselves shall judge fittest, for the government of their own Subjects, both as they are the Common-wealth, and as they are the Church: for both State, and Church are the same men Complete text of 61130773:In summe, he hath the Supreme power in all causes, as well Ecclesiasticall, as civill , as far as concerneth actions, and words, for these onely are known, and may be accused; and of that which cannot be accused, there is no Judg at all, but God, that knoweth the heart Complete text of 61130783:Besides, it maketh nothing to the power of any Pastor, (unlesse he have the civill Soveraignty,) what kind of Government is the best; because their Calling is not to govern men by Commandement, but to teach them, and perswade them by Arguments, and leave it to them to consider, whether they shall embrace, or reject the Doctrine taught Complete text of 61130821:" But howsoever this be interpreted, there is no doubt but the power here granted belongs to all Supreme Pastors; such as are all Christian civill Soveraignes in their own Dominions Complete text of 61130899:But be it Evidence and Truth it selfe that was given; or be it but Admonition to the Priest to endeavour to inform himself cleerly, and give judgment uprightly; yet in that it was given to the High Priest, it was given to the civill Soveraign: For next under God was the High Priest in the Common-wealth of Israel; and is an argument for Evidence and Truth, that is, for the Ecclesiasticall Supremacy of civill Soveraigns over their own Subjects, against the pretended power of the Pope Complete text of 61130921:" which is cleerly for the civill Soveraignty, against the Universall power of the Pope Complete text of 61130929:But this also maketh onely for the Legislative power of civill Soveraigns: For the Scribes, and Pharisees sat in Moses Chaire, but Moses next under God was Soveraign of the People of Israel: and therefore our Saviour commanded them to doe all that they should say, but not all that they should do Complete text of 61130961:" And though the Apostle say in another place, "I write these things being absent, lest being present I should use sharpnesse, according to the power which the Lord hath given me;" it is not, that he challenged a power either to put to death, imprison, banish, whip, or fine any of them, which are Punishments; but onely to Excommunicate, which (without the civill power ) is no more but a leaving of their company, and having no more to doe with them, than with a Heathen man, or a Publican; which in many occasions might be a greater pain to the Excommunicant, than to the Excommunicate Complete text of 61130966:Nor then also shall it bee properly a Punishment, as upon a Subject that hath broken the Law; but a Revenge, as upon an Enemy, or Revolter, that denyeth the Right of our Saviour to the Kingdome: And therefore this proveth not the Legislative power of any Bishop, that has not also the civill power Complete text of 61131030:But if a man may be said to have his Jurisdiction De Jure Divino, and yet not immediately; what lawfull Jurisdiction, though but civill , is there in a Christian Common-wealth, that is not also De Jure Divino? For Christian Kings have their civill power from God immediately; and the Magistrates under him exercise their severall charges in vertue of his Commission; wherein that which they doe, is no lesse De Jure Divino Mediato, than that which the Bishops doe, in vertue of the Popes Ordination Complete text of 61131033:For Jurisdiction is the power of hearing and determining Causes between man and man; and can belong to none, but him that hath the power to prescribe the Rules of Right and Wrong; that is, to make Laws; and with the Sword of Justice to compell men to obey his Decisions, pronounced either by himself, or by the Judges he ordaineth thereunto; which none can lawfully do, but the civill Soveraign Complete text of 61131057:Before the People of Israel had (by the commandment of God to Samuel) set over themselves a King, after the manner of other Nations, the High Priest had the civill Government; and none but he could make, nor depose an inferiour Priest: But that power was afterwards in the King, as may be proved by this same argument of Bellarmine; For if the Priest (be he the High Priest or any other) had his Jurisdiction immediately from God, then the King could not take it from him; "for he could do nothing contrary to Gods ordinance: But it is certain, that King Solomon (1 Kings 2 Complete text of 61131071:But I understand, that when he saith he hath it Indirectly, he means, that such Temporall Jurisdiction belongeth to him of Right, but that this Right is but a Consequence of his Pastorall Authority, the which he could not exercise, unlesse he have the other with it: And therefore to the Pastorall power (which he calls Spirituall) the Supreme power civill is necessarily annexed; and that thereby hee hath a Right to change Kingdomes, giving them to one, and taking them from another, when he shall think it conduces to the Salvation of Souls Complete text of 61131073:When it is said, the Pope hath not (in the Territories of other States) the Supreme civill power Directly; we are to understand, he doth not challenge it, as other civill Soveraigns doe, from the originall submission thereto of those that are to be governed Complete text of 61131075:The Pope therefore, when he disclaimeth the Supreme civill power over other States Directly, denyeth no more, but that his Right cometh to him by that way; He ceaseth not for all that, to claime it another way; and that is, (without the consent of them that are to be governed) by a Right given him by God, (which hee calleth Indirectly,) in his Assumption to the Papacy Complete text of 61131087:The first is this, "The civill power is subject to the Spirituall: Therefore he that hath the Supreme power Spirituall, hath right to command Temporall Princes, and dispose of their Temporalls in order to the Spirituall Complete text of 61131088:As for the distinction of Temporall, and Spirituall, let us consider in what sense it may be said intelligibly, that the Temporall, or civill power is subject to the Spirituall Complete text of 61131092:If then it be granted, that the civill Government be ordained as a means to bring us to a Spirituall felicity; yet it does not follow, that if a King have the civill power , and the Pope the Spirituall, that therefore the King is bound to obey the Pope, more then every Sadler is bound to obey every Rider Complete text of 61131094:When therefore he saith, the civill power is Subject to the Spirituall, his meaning is, that the civill Soveraign, is Subject to the Spirituall Soveraign Complete text of 61131105:For to every End, the Means are determined by Nature, or by God himselfe supernaturally: but the Power to make men use the Means, is in every nation resigned (by the Law of Nature, which forbiddeth men to violate their Faith given) to the Civill Soveraign Complete text of 61131398:Wherein I pretend not to advance any Position of my own, but onely to shew what are the Consequences that seem to me deducible from the Principles of Christian Politiques, (which are the holy Scriptures,) in confirmation of the power of civill Soveraigns, and the Duty of their Subjects Complete text of 61131438:This power Regal under Christ, being challenged, universally by that Pope, and in particular Common-wealths by Assemblies of the Pastors of the place, (when the Scripture gives it to none but to civill Soveraigns,) comes to be so passionately disputed, that it putteth out the Light of Nature, and causeth so great a Darknesse in mens understanding, that they see not who it is to whom they have engaged their obedience Complete text of 61131453:From hence it is, that in all Dominions, where the Popes Ecclesiasticall power is entirely received, Jewes, Turkes, and Gentiles, are in the Roman Church tolerated in their Religion, as farre forth, as in the exercise and profession thereof they offend not against the civill power: whereas in a Christian, though a stranger, not to be of the Roman Religion, is Capitall; because the Pope pretendeth that all Christians are his Subjects Complete text of 61131497:But whether hee intend thereby, to entitle the Presbytery to the Supreme Power Ecclesiasticall in the Common-wealth of Geneva, (and consequently to every Presbytery in every other Common-wealth,) or to Princes, and other civill Soveraignes, I doe not know Complete text of 61131541:Abuse Of Some Other Texts In Defence Of The power Of The Pope As for some other texts, to prove the Popes power over civill Soveraignes (besides those of Bellarmine;) as that the two Swords that Christ and his Apostles had amongst them, were the Spirituall and the Temporall Sword, which they say St Complete text of 61131823:To be uncovered, before a man of power and Authority, or before the Throne of a Prince, or in such other places as hee ordaineth to that purpose in his absence, is to Worship that man, or Prince with civill Worship; as being a signe, not of honoring the stoole, or place, but the Person; and is not Idolatry Complete text of 61131825:To pray to a King for such things, as hee is able to doe for us, though we prostrate our selves before him, is but civill Worship; because we acknowledge no other power in him, but humane: But voluntarily to pray unto him for fair weather, or for any thing which God onely can doe for us, is Divine Worship, and Idolatry Complete text of 61131873:And the same may be said of the Images of Angels, and of men dead; unlesse as Monuments of friends, or of men worthy remembrance: For such use of an Image, is not Worship of the Image; but a civill honoring of the Person, not that is, but that was: But when it is done to the Image which we make of a Saint, for no other reason, but that we think he heareth our prayers, and is pleased with the honour wee doe him, when dead, and without sense, wee attribute to him more than humane power ; and therefore it is Idolatry Complete text of 61131886:From whence wee may by the way observe, that there is no place for the superiority of the Pope over other Bishops, except in the territories whereof he is himself the civill Soveraign; and where the Emperour having Soveraign power civill , hath expressely chosen the Pope for the chief Pastor under himselfe, of his Christian Subjects Complete text of 61132012:And that which offendeth the People, is no other thing, but that they are governed, not as every one of them would himselfe, but as the Publique Representant, be it one Man, or an Assembly of men thinks fit; that is, by an Arbitrary government: for which they give evill names to their Superiors; never knowing (till perhaps a little after a civill warre) that without such Arbitrary government, such Warre must be perpetuall; and that it is Men, and Arms, not Words, and Promises, that make the Force and power of the Laws Complete text of 61132015:Laws Over The Conscience There is another Errour in their civill Philosophy (which they never learned of Aristotle, nor Cicero, nor any other of the Heathen,) to extend the power of the Law, which is the Rule of Actions onely, to the very Thoughts, and Consciences of men, by Examination, and Inquisition of what they Hold, notwithstanding the Conformity of their Speech and Actions: By which, men are either punished for answering the truth of their thoughts, or constrained to answer an untruth for fear of punishment Complete text of 61132019:And are not the Scriptures, in all places where they are Law, made Law by the Authority of the Common-wealth, and consequently, a part of the Civill Law? Of the same kind it is also, when any but the Soveraign restraineth in any man that power which the Common-wealth hath not restrained: as they do, that impropriate the Preaching of the Gospell to one certain Order of men, where the Laws have left it free Complete text of 61132042:Is it because they tend to disorder in Government, as countenancing Rebellion, or Sedition? then let them be silenced, and the Teachers punished by vertue of his power to whom the care of the Publique quiet is committed; which is the Authority civill Complete text of 61132054:After that certain Churches had renounced this universall power of the Pope, one would expect in reason, that the civill Soveraigns in all those Churches, should have recovered so much of it, as (before they had unadvisedly let it goe) was their own Right, and in their own hands Complete text of 61132055:And in England it was so in effect; saving that they, by whom the Kings administred the Government of Religion, by maintaining their imployment to be in Gods Right, seemed to usurp, if not a Supremacy, yet an Independency on the civill power : and they but seemed to usurp it, in as much as they acknowledged a Right in the King, to deprive them of the Exercise of their Functions at his pleasure Complete text of 61132058:For what is it for men to excommunicate their lawful King, but to keep him from all places of Gods publique Service in his own Kingdom? and with force to resist him, when he with force endeavoureth to correct them? Or what is it, without Authority from the civill Soveraign, to excommunicate any person, but to take from him his Lawfull Liberty, that is, to usurpe an unlawfull power over their Brethren? The Authors therefore of this Darknesse in Religion, are the Romane, and the Presbyterian Clergy Complete text of 61132062:Exemptions Of The Clergy Thirdly, the exemption of these, and of all other Priests, and of all Monkes, and Fryers, from the power of the civill Laws Complete text of 61132063:For by this means, there is a great part of every Common-wealth, that enjoy the benefit of the Laws, and are protected by the power of the civill State, which neverthelesse pay no part of the Publique expence; nor are lyable to the penalties, as other Subjects, due to their crimes; and consequently, stand not in fear of any man, but the Pope; and adhere to him onely, to uphold his universall Monarchy Complete text of 61132065:Also, the making the Lords Supper a Sacrifice, serveth to make the People beleeve the Pope hath the same power over all Christian, that Moses and Aaron had over the Jews; that is to say, all power , both civill and Ecclesiasticall, as the High Priest then had Complete text of 61132069:Auricular Confession Seventhly, from Auricular Confession, they obtain, for the assurance of their power , better intelligence of the designs of Princes, and great persons in the civill State, than these can have of the designs of the State Ecclesiasticall Complete text of 61132070:Canonization Of Saints, And Declaring Of Martyrs Eighthly, by the Canonization of Saints, and declaring who are Martyrs, they assure their power , in that they induce simple men into an obstinacy against the Laws and Commands of their civill Soveraigns even to death, if by the Popes excommunication, they be declared Heretiques or Enemies to the Church; that is, (as they interpret it,) to the Pope Complete text of 61132080:But as the Inventions of men are woven, so also are they ravelled out; the way is the same, but the order is inverted: The web begins at the first Elements of power , which are Wisdom, Humility, Sincerity, and other vertues of the Apostles, whom the people converted, obeyed, out of Reverence, not by Obligation: Their Consciences were free, and their Words and Actions subject to none but the civill power Complete text of 61132089:Comparison Of The Papacy With The Kingdome Of Fayries But after this Doctrine, "that the Church now Militant, is the Kingdome of God spoken of in the Old and New Testament," was received in the World; the ambition, and canvasing for the Offices that belong thereunto, and especially for that great Office of being Christs Lieutenant, and the Pompe of them that obtained therein the principal Publique Charges, became by degrees so evident, that they lost the inward Reverence due to the Pastorall Function: in so much as the Wisest men, of them that had any power in the civill State, needed nothing but the authority of their Princes, to deny them any further Obedience Complete text of 61132115:To this, and such like resemblances between the Papacy, and the Kingdome of Fairies, may be added this, that as the Fairies have no existence, but in the Fancies of ignorant people, rising from the Traditions of old Wives, or old Poets: so the Spirituall power of the Pope (without the bounds of his own civill Dominion) consisteth onely in the Fear that Seduced people stand in, of their Excommunication; upon hearing of false Miracles, false Traditions, and false Interpretations of the Scripture Complete text of 61132119:But who knows that this Spirit of Rome, now gone out, and walking by Missions through the dry places of China, Japan, and the Indies, that yeeld him little fruit, may not return, or rather an Assembly of Spirits worse than he, enter, and inhabite this clean swept house, and make the End thereof worse than the beginning? For it is not the Romane Clergy onely, that pretends the Kingdome of God to be of this World, and thereby to have a power therein, distinct from that of the civill State Complete text of 61132160:In the 29th Chapter I have set down for one of the causes of the Dissolutions of Common-wealths, their Imperfect Generation, consisting in the want of an Absolute and Arbitrary Legislative power ; for want whereof, the civill Soveraign is fain to handle the Sword of Justice unconstantly, and as if it were too hot for him to hold: One reason whereof (which I have not there mentioned) is this, That they will all of them justifie the War, by which their power was at first gotten, and whereon (as they think) their Right dependeth, and not on the Possession |